Category: 141 R

Band-Aids can’t fix this problem

We’ve all seen them, bought them and worn them. Band-Aids have always been a part of our lives, unless you were born before 1920. Most people even know the iconic chant “I am stuck on Band-Aid brand’ cause Band-Aid is stuck on me”. Band-Aids have always come to our savings. They are iconic and a staple in every household.

Band-Aids (fig.1) were invented by Earle Dickson in 1920, an employee at the time at Johnsons and Johnsons Co. The idea came to mind when Dickson noticed his wife struggling to constantly apply new bandages to her hands and fingers as she constantly burned herself while cooking dinner. Bandages before Band-Aid consisted of a separate gauze attached with tape. Both had to be cut and placed by an individual. Bandages never stayed tacky for long and could be removed with the slightest touch of water.

Earle decided then to reinvent bandages by creating a ready-made product, easy to apply and long wearing. By doing so, he also re-invented the process (fig.2). He invented the Band-Aid by attached a gauze the centre of a strip and sterilized it. After the approval of the first prototype by Johnson and Johnson, Band-Aids were sold all across America. Contrary to what many might think, Band-Aids didn’t sell well. So the marketing team led by Harry Webber sold them to Boy Scouts and used that as a publicity stunt. Soon Band-Aids were flying off the shelves.

Band-Aids were sold as “Neat, Flesh-Colored, Almost Invisible” (fig.3) which polarized and discriminated people of colour. They were flesh coloured and almost invisible to only white people. This did not go unnoticed. Many began to protest Johnson and Johnson lack of inclusivity and the blunt and racist disregard for humans of skin tone other then light pink. Artist like Preston Wilcox mocked the brand.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX8aK0ZsQHo

Even with all the backlash received, Band-Aid did not change or add any other skin tone. Harry Webber described the problem as a “non-issue” due to the fact that Johnson & Johnson were directing their products to a majority demographic. To this day, with the many varieties of Band-Aids Johnson & Johnson have produced, not one was fit to cater to darker skin tones.

Work Cited

“Band-Aid.” The American Heritage Dictionary of Medicine, edited by Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries, Houghton Mifflin, 2nd edition, 2015. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.capilanou.ca/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/hmmedicaldict/band_aid/0?institutionId=6884. Accessed 06 Nov. 2019.

Bellis, Mary. “History of Band-Aids: From Earle Dickson to Boy Scouts.” ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 2 Mar. 2019, www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-band-aid-1991345.

Malo, Sebastien. “The Story of the Black Band-Aid.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 7 Feb. 2018, www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/06/the-story-of-the-black-band-aid/276542/.

“ Our History.” BAND-AID® Brand Adhesive Bandages – Brand Heritage, web.archive.org/web/20130615114556/http://www.band-aid.com/brand-heritage.

Images and Video

Fig.1 Margaret, et al. “BAND-AID® Brand Adhesive Bandages Tins!” Kilmer House, 19 Apr. 2013, www.kilmerhouse.com/2013/04/collect-a-piece-of-johnson-johnson-history-band-aid-brand-adhesive-bandages-tins.

Fig.2 Margaret, et al. “BAND-AID® Brand Adhesive Bandages Tins!” Kilmer House, 19 Apr. 2013, www.kilmerhouse.com/2013/04/collect-a-piece-of-johnson-johnson-history-band-aid-brand-adhesive-bandages-tins.

Fig.3 “Band-Aid Plastic Strips Commercial (1955).” YouTube, 1995, www.youtube.com/watch?v=MX8aK0ZsQHo.

Fig.4 Malo, Sebastien. “The Story of the Black Band-Aid.” The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 7 Feb. 2018, www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/06/the-story-of-the-black-band-aid/276542/.

The greedy cause of World War I

World War I, also known as the Great War, ravaged Europe as it hadn’t been seen before. With 37 million causalities, declaring it a catastrophe is an understatement. Although it has been over 100 years since, the debate on what caused WWI has continued. Was it the Austrians? The Germans? The multiple treaties pulling everyone along? It might be easy to point fingers, but the causes are endless. For those reasons, I chose to focus on 1 main geopolitical causes of the war – securing the States politics through geographical space. 

For as long as power and politics have existed, acquiring territory has been a main goal. Expanding a countries region only increases its vitality. More land meant more natural resources (fauna and flora), natural boundaries, a larger population and more sea connections, important for commerce. In the 20th century, Britain and France were leading forces in colonization. With 79.2 million km2 of land colonized, Britain (owned) 41.3%. As the saying goes its “The Empire on which the sun never sets”. This resulted in a high commerce rate, allied forces and diverse natural resources. Furthermore Britain was surrounded by water, easing commerce even more. 

The French were also well off. They had allot of land in Africa, and had recently acquire both Alsace and Loraine territory. But greed for power never ended, and neither did the greed for more territory. It was a race that each and every country in Europe wanted to win. This caused immense conflict and tension between the countries, which in effect, enabled the start of the war. It might have not been a direct cause, but the war was the perfect setting to expand their territory. 

The countries with less colonial and territorial power and influence saw an even greater opportunity to attain more land. Germany in particular with only 3.3% of the 79 million km2 colonized. Germany had the mentality of becoming the greatest European power but didn’t have the resources and allies to do so. The war, contrary to what we now know, was believed to help them gain more land with the help of the Central Powers. In other terms, they bit off more then they could chew.

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Due to the relentless desire to be the greatest, each country was slowly stepping on each others toes. Blinding by greed, they saw war as a economical and political opportunity instead of a threat to humanity.

Work cited:

GPF Staff. “Origins of World War I.” Geopolitical Futures, 19 Apr. 2019, geopoliticalfutures.com/origins-world-war/.

Management, Posted By: Confluence Investment. “WWI Reflections: Geopolitics And Markets.” ValueWalk, 28 Aug. 2014, www.valuewalk.com/2014/08/wwi-reflections-geopolitics-markets/.

Royde-Smith, John Graham, and Dennis E. Showalter. “World War I.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1 Nov. 2019, www.britannica.com/event/World-War-I.

Terán, Carlos   E. Flores. The 1914 European Outbreak . Fordham University, Apr. 2013.

Images:

Figure1.

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/4e/98/3d/4e983dcc4074f8c34bd0212fb22c77d1.jpg

Figure 2.

https://www.vox.com/2014/5/8/5691954/colonialism-collapse-gif-imperialism

How To Get A Lovely Lady Lump

Petticoats, the ideal undergarment for the ideal woman. Dated all the way back to the Middle Ages, petticoats have been used to create the idea woman figure of the era. It would fabricate an illusion – wider hips, smaller waist, larger butt making them todays spandex. Shapes and sizes but the crinoline stayed on the most recognizable (fig.1)

Originally made with horsehair and whalebone, steel crinolines were the fashion frenzy of the late 1840’s. First patented in England, steel crinolines became an immediate hit. Thousands of them could be produced in one day. This immense supply created an affordable prices meaning all social classes could wear them. Surrounded by cotton and linen, manufacturers used steel created a lighter spring allowing for more freedom to the legs. However, walking was still challenging.  In addition to the weight, crinolines had a circumference of about 5 to 6 yards making the ability to walk through doors challenging as well (fig.2).

The crinoline created a bell shape giving illusion to bigger curves and a smaller waist. The pairing of a corset, which was done more often than not, only added to the effect. Crinolines, mostly near the end of the 1850’s would allow the visibility of a woman’s ankle. The idea of an ankle being erotic is laughable in present times, but back in the day, very little of a woman’s body was shown. “Sexuality was severely repressed in the West during the Victorian era. Both sexual behaviour and public discussion of topics related to sexuality were suppressed” (SEXUALITY, 2003) creating a society that revered the slightest showing off of woman attractive.

Granted that some people might proclaim that there is no beauty without pain, I don’t think they thought of how far some people would go to achieve such a goal. Crinoline, as beautiful and desirable they are, were extremely flammable. It is estimated that 3000 women had died between 1950 and 1860 in England alone by crinoline related fires. However, this did not halt the market for the petticoats. 

Crinolines then led to crinolettes, also known as the lobster(fig.4). Crinolettes were created through the dying fad of wider thighs. Instead of being wide all around they had a massive dragging back side and thin waist creating a smaller frame which created the Bustle.

Crinolines stay plat part in modern fashion. Fashion companies and designers such as Alexander McQueen, John Galliano and Christian Dior all took inspiration from the crinoline, adjusting it and created their own unique ideal female figure. Updated versions of the crinoline are also found in ball gowns and dresses of our time. Let’s just hope they won’t catch fire. 

Work Cited:

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Crinoline.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/topic/crinoline.

Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Petticoat.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/topic/petticoat.

“Bustle.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Sept. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustle.

“The Crinoline or Hoop Skirt.” VICTORIANA MAGAZINE, www.victoriana.com/Victorian-Fashion/crinoline.htm.

“Crinoline.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 27 Aug. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoline.

Delamater, John, et al. “Sexuality.” International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family, edited by James J. Ponzetti Jr., Gale, 2nd edition, 2003. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.capilanou.ca/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galemarriage/sexuality/0?institutionId=6884. Accessed 17 Oct. 2019.

Images:

Figure 1. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/82072

Figure 2. https://collections.mfa.org/objects/117001

Figure 3. www.victoriana.com/Victorian-Fashion/crinoline.htm.

Life of prostitution could start as young as the age of 7. Many families living in impoverished villages or farms would sell their kids to brothels in Yoshiwara. Once introduced to their new “sisters”, the young ones would be used for manual labor. They cleaned, cooked, delivered messages and tended to courtesans. All during that time, they would get insights on the life ahead of them and learn new tricks such as how to speak with a manipulative tongue.

By the ages of 11-12, the children were tested to be seen if they were talented enough to be trained by an elite courtesan. Practice was laborious. They had to learn calligraphy, the tea ceremony, how to dance, sing and play the samisen. This training period was crucial in a prostitutes life. The quality of their craft would determine the quality of their life later along the line. 

Only the most gifted and talented would be able to become a tayù. These women would live in luxurious brothels, and clients would go through an interview followed by 3 meetings with the tayù until he could have sex with her (fig.2). Below the tayù, was the kōshi. These prostitutes lived in less nicer brothels, but there kimonos were expensive and they held themselves in an aristocratic manner. These women were able to turn down men which was a luxury many couldn’t afford, namely the sanchas. Under them were the tsubone whose living conditions were much more grim. They would play the samisen for clients through lattices and cages (fig.3). Lastly were the hashi. Hashi lived on the outskirts of Yoshiwara. Living conditions were terrible and the pay much worse. 

Such hierarchy made for extreme competitiveness between sisters creating tension and cruelty amongst them, not to mention the treatment some received by clients. Although some lived in better conditions, almost all lived in dept. From the clothes to the food, “debt to the brothel would only increase as she rose through the ranks, as her luxurious and ever-changing wardrobe, which required as many as four or five layers of kimonos worn at a time, and the tips and fees for her attendants were her financial burden, too.” (Sex and Suffering, 2015).

Once these women would reach the age of 20, most of them would already be dead or die in the years to come. Due to toxic lead heavy makeup to whiten skin, venereal diseases or the berthing of a child, most women would die incredibly young. This death toll only generated the demand for more prostitutes and uplifted the market.

Although all the information we have on prostitutes of Yoshiwara comes from men’s perspective, one can only imagine how hard their life was. Even surrounded by luxury, they had no freedom and no say. Hard work, and little pay off.

Work Cited

Hix, Lisa. “Sex and Suffering: The Tragic Life of the Courtesan in Japan’s Floating World.” Collectors Weekly, 2015, www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/the-tragic-life-of-the-courtesan-in-japans-floating-world/.

Seigle, Cecilia Segawa. “Geisha.” The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality, edited by Patricia Whelehan, and Anne Bolin, Wiley, 1st edition, 2015. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.capilanou.ca/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/wileyhs/geisha/0?institutionId=6884. Accessed 12 Oct. 2019.

“ukiyo-e (Japanese ‘pictures of the floating world’).” The Thames & Hudson Dictionary of Art Terms, Edward Lucie-Smith, Thames & Hudson, 2nd edition, 2003. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.capilanou.ca/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/that/ukiyo_e_japanese_pictures_of_the_floating_world/0?institutionId=6884. Accessed 12 Oct. 2019.

Images:

Figure 1. Hix, Lisa. “Sex and Suffering: The Tragic Life of the Courtesan in Japan’s Floating World.” Collectors Weekly, 2015, www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/the-tragic-life-of-the-courtesan-in-japans-floating-world/.

Figure 2. Eizanexpand_more, Kikugawa. “Yoshiwara Prostitute , from Selections from the Brocade Quarter (E-Awase Kingaishō), Kikugawa Eizan ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art.” Mia, collections.artsmia.org/art/119640/yoshiwara-prostitute-from-selections-from-the-brocade-quarter-kikugawa-eizan.

Figure 3.Parker, Clark. “A Walk in the Sex Park: Yoshiwara and the Tokyo Bordello.” The Tokyo Files 東京ファイル, 14 Jan. 2019, thetokyofiles.com/2013/12/09/a-walk-in-the-sex-park/#jp-carousel-5216.

Thank the Apple

The story goes, Isaac Newton had been sitting under a tree when an apple had suddenly fallen on his head. As a result, the first law of gravity was born. Although this story is fictional, a similar one was true “according to Newton himself…”(Newton, Isaac, 2018). He had been relaxing under an apple tree, and an apple had fallen but this time, beside him. The law of gravity hadn’t been resolved in that instant but it had sparked curiosity, one that would last him 21 years.

Born on January 4, 1643, in Lincolnshire, England, Sir Isaac Newton would become a leading figure in scientific revolutions. Throughout his entire life, he made immense contributions to the understanding and discovery of mathematical aspects, mechanics and optics. Although much to debate, his most memorable and important discovery being the law of gravity.

   After the apple incident during his visit back home to pursue personal studies, Newton was led to begging the question of the possibility that the “force that pulled the apple to the ground could also extend into space and pull the Moon into an orbit around the Earth” (Newton, Isaac, 2018). Although going from an apple falling to the orbit of the moon seems far-reached for most of us, it made complete sense to Newton. His studies concluded that the rate of the fall was equal to the force of gravity which was “proportional to the square of the distance from the center of the Earth.”(ibid.). Newton believed he had uncovered the universal principle of gravity but through many trials, he realized his theory was inaccurate.

Despite his failed first attempt in ca.1667, Newton invested himself once more during his time as a professor at Cambridge in 1679. This time, Newton concluded that the “force of gravity is proportional to the masses of the object and decrease in proportion to the square of the distance between two bodies” (ibid.). Simplified, it meant the bigger the objects, the greater the force of gravity, and the smaller the distance, the smaller the force of gravity. This time, his theory was correct but was extremely general and wasn’t precise. It was only a few years later where Newton implicated himself in the subject leading him to publish Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687. 

Also known as the Principia, the 260-page book was considered as the epitome of his career and a key element to the development of modern astrology and mathematics. In Principia, Newton explored in extreme depth the law of motion – acceleration, force, and action equal motion, as well as the law of universal gravitation in depth. His discovery was so precise and effective it had enabled the understanding of the phenomenon as complex as the orbital motion and as simple as the tide. 

His discoveries (concluded) that 

every massive particle in the universe is attracted to every other massive particle with a force that is directly related to the sum of their masses and is inversely related to the square of the distance between them. Proportionality is held constant in this theory at all places and all times; thus it is known as the universal gravitational constant. (Newton’s Laws of Motion and Universal Gravitation, 2011).

Was the discovery of the universal gravitation the lucky result of an apple falling or the result of the simple genius of Isaac Newton. I’d say that both played important parts. However, Newton’s ability to capture complex ideas and breaking them down to its fundamental values cannot be ignored. Each of his breakthroughs proved that “scientific principles are of universal application” (Newton, Isaac, 2018). His talent and intelligence placed him as a titan of science.

Work Cited:

Images:

Image 1: Blake, Quentin. “Newton’s Apple.” Newton Trust, www.newtontrust.cam.ac.uk/.

Image 2: Newton, Isaac. “Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica.” Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica#/media/File:Prinicipia-title.png.

Image 3: “Newton’s Law Of Universal Gravitation .” Fine Arts America, 2017, fineartamerica.com/featured/newtons-law-of-universal-gravitation-science-photo-library.html.

One Animal, One Outfit

Before beginning my essay on First Nation clothing, I would like to recognize that the land I stand upon is traditional unceded territories of the Squamish, Tsleil-Waututh, Musqueam, Lil’wat and Sechelt (shíshálh) Nations. It is with privilege that I explore the history of First Nations and do so with the utmost respect. If I have misrepresented the culture or misworded myself, I truly apologize as it is not my intention to do so.

As the biggest hunting group ever is known, it comes as little surprise that animals played a crucial part in Aboriginal culture. Whether it be the meat for feeding or the fat to gel down hair, each part of the animal was utilized. Clothing, in particular, was also made from animals till they traded them for woolen clothing which was thought to be more practical.

With the large land that first nations inhabited, the various ecosystems meant for a large variety of animals. In some territories as what we now know as the northern areas of Canada, Alaska, and Greenland, polar bears and seal were the main sources for food and clothing. However, in the Southwest and Great Basin area where the climate was warmer, bison and buffalo were there the animals of choice. Both will be used as an example in this essay to create an ensemble for both men, women and two-spirited.

Head:

The hair was very important for many First Nation tribes. Hair was commonly worn down, braided or attached. It was occasionally styled with small animal skin bands around the head would be worn, adorned with small feathers.

Top:

Before trading animal skin for woolen clothes, men and women were generally uncovered in the chest area in the Great Basin area. However, depending on the tribe, some women would wear tanned bison and or buffalo skin for dresses. When the weather cooled down, the animals (bison and buffalo) thick fur would provide ample heat and would be enrobed around the bodice like cloaks.

Bottom:

Contrary to the top, the bottom half was usually covered. Men would wear breechclout, tanned bison skin worn between the legs and secured with a skinny belt. During colder climates, tanned skin leggings were attached. Women wore leggings and skirts with length varying for each tribe.

Feet:

For the feet, Native Americans either wore moccasins or mukluk.

Accessories:

Accessories were very important to first nations as they represented status and beauty. Bones of the bison and buffalo would be used to make necklaces, bracelets, earrings, combs and hair ornaments.

Many of the clothing generally known as Aboriginal came well after the 15th century. The feathered headgears, “fringed buckskin clothing, (…) and woven blankets” (“Native American Indian Clothing and Regalia”) were popularized after the colonization of the Americas.

In First Nation culture, animals were respected to a degree which many of us aren’t able to understand and so was clothing. It carried not only symbolic value or functional purposes but represented their culture, heritage, and identity. Although first nation clothing from the medieval times to the Renaissance may look simple, it cannot be overlooked. It gives us the ability to understand and respect those who have come before us and whose lands have been stolen.

Work Cited

Book:

Steele, Valerie. Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. Vol. 1, C. Scribner, 2005.

“The Historical Encyclopedia of Costumes.” The Historical Encyclopedia of Costumes, by Albert Racinet, Facts on File, 1995, pp. 19–20.

Websites:

“Capilano University.” Our Campuses – Capilano University, www.capilanou.ca/about-capu/get-to-know-us/our-campuses/.

Kidwell, Clara Sue, et al. “Native American Women.” The Reader’s Companion to U.S. Women’s History, edited by Wilma Pearl Mankiller, Houghton Mifflin, 1st edition, 1998. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.capilanou.ca/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/rcuswh/native_american_women/0?institutionId=6884. Accessed 01 Oct. 2019.

“Native American Hairstyles.” Native American Indian Hairstyles (Braids, Whorls, Scalplocks, Roached ‘Mohawk’ Hair, And Other Styles), www.native-languages.org/hair.htm.

Study.com, Study.com, study.com/academy/lesson/native-american-clothing-history-facts.html.

Images

Image 1. People of the City of Cahokia.” Great Empires of North America, Part 4: People of the Pyramid, thestrangecontinent.com/2018/05/26/great-empires-of-north-america-part-4-people-of-the-pyramid.

Image 2.“Native American Leggings.” Breechcloth/Breechclout and Native American Leggings, www.native-languages.org/breechcloth.htm.

Image 3.People of the City of Cahokia.” Great Empires of North America, Part 4: People of the Pyramid, thestrangecontinent.com/2018/05/26/great-empires-of-north-america-part-4-people-of-the-pyramid.

The most significant accessory of Ancient Egypt. 

Ancient Egypt was one of the most powerful empires of its time, known for its riches as well as its advanced knowledge on architecture and agriculture. Although not often the main topic, fashion was also an essential part of Ancient Egyptian culture. From head to toe, each component worn represented their wealth and status with certain details symbolizing principal elements such as animals, gods and the region they lived upon.  

A vital component of wardrobe for royalty was the headdress. It that was both indicative of status and retained extreme symbolic value. For the numerous amount of headdresses made, all were given a unique symbolic significance and purpose. While some signified the area of which the Pharaoh ruled, others represented characteristics important to royalty.  More so, some headdresses were only worn for important occasions and ceremonies. With so many to choose from, these named few are known as the most important and recognizable headdresses;  The Pshent, the Hedget, the Deshret, the Khepresh, the Nemes, the Hemhemet, the Atef, the Flat crown, and the Urseus. 

1.Regional 

The Hedget, also known as the White crown symbolized the rule over Upper Egypt. The Deshret, in other words the Red Crown symbolized the rule over Lower Egypt. The Pshent (image 1) was a combination of both Hedget and Deshret both in its appearance and significance as it was symbolic of power over both Upper and Lower Egypt. The Nemes headdress (see image 2.), the most recognized and famed headdress, was worn by Pharaohs that ruled between the Old Kingdom and the New Kingdom. It draped over the shoulders, surrounded the temple and had a “long tail center” symbolizing the tail of a lion₁. 

2. Ceremonial 

For ceremonial purposes the Pharaohs would wear the Kephresh, the war or blue crown that symbolizes “military power or when going in war”. The Atef crown, adorned with ostrich feathers on both sides was worn during religious ceremonies. The Hemhemet was a ceremonial crown as well representing the run and rebirth. However this crown was rarely worn as its large scale made it hard for Pharaoh to keep their head up. 

3. Queens and others. 

For Queens, they wore the Falcon/Vulture headdress symbolizing the act of protection. They also wore the Flat crown, famously adorned by queen Nerfeti to complement the symmetry of her face. The Urseus, worn by both female and male pharaohs, was a gold band with a cobra on the front symbolizing power. The Urseus was worn alone or accompanied other headdresses (image 3) .

Deities were also depicted wearing headdresses, such as the Atef, worn by Osiris the god of death (see image 4.). Considering that only gods, goddesses, and royalty were capable of wearing headdress makes them extremely sacred and ultimate accessory symbolic of the highest power.  

The significance of headresses didn’t crumble down with Ancient Egypt. Its importance has been passed on through generations and has spread to different parts of the world. Whether it be the Crown Jewels of England, or Swazilands  “tribal chief’s headdress of black ostrich feathers”, headresses are emblematic of power, culture and royalty making them the most significant accessory there is. 

1.The lion was a complex symbol to the ancient Egyptians, capable of representing alternately danger and chaos or protection and the defeat of chaos. It was a secondary attribute of several gods, and of the king as well. Always, it represented power and vitality, and depending upon context it could be a worthy foe, a capable defender, or a fierce avenger.” 

Work Cited 

Websites: 

• “Crowns of Egypt.” Crowns of Egypt & Headdreses of Egyptian Gods ***, www.landofpyramids.org/crown-of-egypt.htm. 
• Fassbender, Michael. “Symbolism of the Lion in Ancient Egypt.” Michael Fassbender, michaeltfassbender.com/nonfiction/ancient-history/symbolism-of-the-lion-in-ancient-egypt. 
• Parks, Michael. “Amid Animal Skins and Family Pride, a Youth Becomes Swazi King.” Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, 27 Apr. 1986, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-04-27-mn-24006-story.html. 

Books: 

• “A History in Fashion.” A History of Fashion, by J. Anderson. Black and Madge Garland, Black Cat, 1990, pp. 37–38. 
• “A Survey of Historic Costume: Instructor’s Guide.” A Survey of Historic Costume: Instructor’s Guide, by Phyllis G. Tortora and Keith Eubank, Fairchild Publications, 1998, pp. 45–46. 
• “Symbolism of the Lion in Ancient Egypt.” Michael Fassbender, michaeltfassbender.com/nonfiction/ancient-history/symbolism-of-the-lion-in-ancient-egypt/. 
• “The Worldwide History of Dress.” The Worldwide History of Dress, by Patricia Rieff Anawalt, Thames & Hudson, 2007, pp. 38–41. 
  “20,000 Years of Fashion.” 20,000 Years of Fashion, by Francois Boucher, 1987, pp. 46–47. 

Images: 

1. “Egypt, Ancient Thebes, Valley of the Queens, mural of Ramses III and god Anubis.” Bridgeman Images: DeAgostini Library, edited by Bridgeman Images, 1st edition, 2014. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.capilanou.ca/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/bridgemandeag/egypt_ancient_thebes_valley_of_the_queens_mural_of_ramses_iii_and_god_anubis/0?institutionId=6884. Accessed 21 Sep. 2019. 
2. “Ancient Egypt (C. 10,000 B.C.E. 525 B.C.E.).” A Brief History of Egypt, Arthur Jr. Goldschmidt, Facts On File, 1st edition, 2009. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.capilanou.ca/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofbe/ancient_egypt_c_10_000_b_c_e_525_b_c_e/0?institutionId=6884. Accessed 21 Sep. 2019.
3. “Egypt, Luxor, Ancient Egypt Museum, gilded wood ushabti figure, close-up.” Bridgeman Images: DeAgostini Library, edited by Bridgeman Images, 1st edition, 2014. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.capilanou.ca/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/bridgemandeag/egypt_luxor_ancient_egypt_museum_gilded_wood_ushabti_figure_close_up/0?institutionId=6884. Accessed 21 Sep. 2019. 
4. “Egypt, Thebes, Luxor, Valley of the Queens, Tomb of Nefertari, Antechamber to burial chamber, Mural paintings, Osiris, Red belt symbolizes assimilation of Osiris and Nefertari.” Bridgeman Images: DeAgostini Library, edited by Bridgeman Images, 1st edition, 2014. Credo Reference, https://ezproxy.capilanou.ca/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/bridgemandeag/egypt_thebes_luxor_valley_of_the_queens_tomb_of_nefertari_antechamber_to_burial_chamber_mural_paintings_osiris_red_belt_symbolizes_assimilation_of_osiris_and_nefertari/0?institutionId=6884. Accessed 21 Sep. 2019.