Genghis Khan, the leader of the Mongol empire leaved his throne to one of his son Ogeide Khan. Since then, Ogedei Khan decided to follow his father footstep, finishing his work of establish a world of empire. He then conquered the rest of Persia, Korea and witnessing the destruction of the Jinn dynasty. In the year 1235, he began to build a plan to invade Europe (Battle of Mohi). The entire conquest lasted for two decade long.

                 Shubuta was the one who in charge for the Mongol invasion. In order to secure his victory, Shubuta sent several spies around the central of Europe area. After having a clear vision of Europe and their army, he divided his soldiers in to three army which head to Poland, crossed the Carpathian Mountains and the Danube. The three armies then eliminate the opponent in a short amount of times, regroup and defeat Hungary at the Battle of Mohi in 1241.

     The invasion of Hungary

           In the beginning, the Hungary made their first mistake of defy the Mongol army since they did not acknowledge  how serious the situation is, some even expected that the royal army would handle everything. On top of that,  Mongol army was a real risk while Hungary was unprepared for the invasion after such a long time living in peace.

           The Mongol army used a strategy of attacking during the night time when the Hungary left their guard of. While  the king was able to escaped with the help of his bodyguard, his army was brutally killed.

          As a result, Mongol army killed up to half of the population and burn down most of the settles. Furthermore,    they even destroyed all record of cultural and economic.

            Lecture summary : This Wednesday lecture was a descriptive summary about printing and typography. We got to know the evolution of typography and a little bit about illustration in bibles from a long period of time. Furthermore, the lecture also included more information about the paper making process and how people know about it all over the world. I am personally really interested in all the example of old bibles especially ” the Book of hour ” which the designer had put a huge amount of detail to finish the entire book. I love the way they organized all the information in the book and making it interesting to the reader.

            Agnolo di Cosimo was an Italian painter who was create many breathtaking portraits during the High Renaissance period. Many people called him Bronzino due to his art style of adding dark complexion to the person in his portrait. Beside portrait painting, Agnolo also created several series of religious works such as The Resurrection of the Virgin Mary and The Martyrdom of San Lorenzo. For me personally, I think that Agnolo di Cosimo is a talented artist. For example, in the piece portrait of Bia de’ Medici he drew all the detail on the little girl’s dress so precisely, which gives the piece a three-dimension felling. However, he did not do a great job in capture the face expression because she looks sad and more mature than her real age. Moreover, I am not fond of the way he paints the eyes in some of his portraits, those figures in his piece look lifeless and dull. Overall, I can understand why Agnolo is so famous due to all his remain art works. It may have some errors in my opinion but he was able to achieve few things that others did not.

Late Gothic & Early Renaissance

Piero Della Francesca was known as one of the most important artist during the Renaissance period in Italy. Piero was an artist but also a well-known mathematical theorist which explain how he was able to deliver such precise proportion to his art. The audiences can see all the elements of geometric form, perspective that Piero had put into his art which is difficult for artist in his time area to achieve. To me personally, I am amazed with his ability to record the human face and how he was able to get the human figure in the right proportion to fit with the background in his art. Unlike other artist in his period, the face expression in his art was quite lively even though people in Piero’s painting  tend to look moody which I do not know if it is his intention to draw so or not. Lastly, I love how Piero chose the colour palette for his arts which is a lovely combination of all warm color with the touch of red that bring those pieces to live. Overall, Piero is truly a talented person who was able co-operate both his art skill and his mathematics knowledge to create such amazing arts that we still admire until now.

Early temples aka everything are giantic and it is all about worshiping god.

• History background of temples
• The Egyptian built temples with the purpose to honor their pharaohs and worship their god by holding festivals and rituals during the ancient time. It is also a link to communicate between Egyptian and their god. The pharaoh also built temples( mortuary temples) which linked to their tomb in order to maintain their spiritual after they pass away.
• The temple exact location usually chose base on religious reason such as mythical birthplace or to be use as monument for their god.
• In order to separate the noble house of god and pharaohs with the mortal’s shelter, Egyptian used stone as the main material to build their temple. They used limestone or sandstone which was easier to carve compare to others type of stone.

• Design and decoration
• The Egyptian temple design during this specific time period tend to be symmetry and monumentality since it is such a spiritual place.
• Relief and free-standing sculpture were the two main decorations in all temple. They covered walls, ceilings, columns, and beams with reliefs (bas relief or sunken relief) using fundamental colours to illustrate information such as festival calendars, myths and rituals depiction. It could be symbol or texts to tell others about all the rituals held in the temple.

• Sculptures often created in a large size of pharaoh’s figure and gods figured as figurative guardian of the place. The most common type of sculptured would be monumental sculpture which often made in pair to place in front of the pylons. A great example of these spectacular sculptures would be the status of Ramses the Great at the Great Temple of Abu Simbel which is 20-meter height.

• Summary of week 3 lecture 

The lecture includes lots of information about how the ancient people developed their own way to communicate through times. At first, people from different parts of the world used a range of symbols(pictograph and ideograph ) to note important messages then gradually they created their own alphabet which we are now using in the modern world. I am especially interested in Egyptian’s symbol, how they were able to combine several symbols to note someone name. Moreover, I also amazed by how they organized all those symbols for the others to read.